拼多多員工加班猝死，外媒如何報道？
瀏覽量：770 發布時間：2021-02-17
拼多多23歲員工加班到凌晨一點半猝死，引發媒體熱議，“996”再次成為互聯網人無法回避的問題。這幾天我從《金融時報》和彭博社中找了相關報道，和大家一起分享。
今天的文章包括：
《金融時報》是怎么報道的？
《南華早報》是怎么報道的？
從「寫作」角度，我們可以積累到哪些表達？
一、《金融時報》（Financial Times）
Pinduoduo faces growing PR crisis over employee death
China’s fastest-growing e-commerce group Pinduoduo is facing a growing public relations crisis and an investigation into its working conditions after one of its employees died after collapsing on her way home from work.
The employee’s death, which occurred in the early hours of December 29, has revived concerns over the brutal work culture at some Chinese tech companies. The long hours often expected of employees are known as “996” — meaning they start work at 9am, leave at 9pm and work six days a week.
這兩段話句子結構復雜，信息密集。
我們先來看題目：
Pinduoduo faces growing PR crisis over employee death
題目是從公司角度切入的：拼多多因員工去世而面臨愈加嚴重的公關危機。
growing表示increasing in size, amount or degree「規模、數量或程度增加的」，此處可理解成「愈加嚴重的」。
PR是public relations的縮寫，即「公關」，每家公司都有公關部門，主要處理公司與外界的關系，幫公司建立良好形象（build up a good image 建立好形象，polish up the image 改善形象）。
再來看第一段話：
China’s fastest-growing e-commerce group Pinduoduo is facing a growing public relations crisis and an investigation into its working conditions after one of its employees died after collapsing on her way home from work.
拼多多（中國增長最快的電商集團）在其員工于回家途中暈倒去世之后，面臨一場愈加嚴重的公關危機，其工作條件也受到調查。
這段只有一句話，主干部分點明拼多多面臨的雙重不利處境：Pinduoduo is facing a growing public relations crisis and an investigation (into its working conditions)，既面臨公關危機，又面臨調查。
說到拼多多，自然要介紹一下它的地位，于是作者在Pinduoduo前加了一個同位語：China’s fastest-growing e-commerce group「中國發展最快的電商集團」。
investigation后面加介詞into，表示「針對...的調查」，文中an investigation into its working conditions就是「對其工作條件的調查」，working conditions指「工作環境、工作條件」，舉個例子，Governments should urge companies to improve their working conditions.「政府應該督促公司改善工作環境。」
拼多多為什么會面臨公關危機和調查？最后作者通過after補充了其前因后果：after one of its employees died after collapsing on her way home from work「在一名員工在下班回家途中暈倒去世之后」。
collapse在這里指人因疲憊或生病而「暈倒、癱倒」，比如，After ten consecutive hours of work, I got home and collapsed on the sofa.「連續工作10小時后，我回到家癱倒在沙發上?！?br /> 在金融市場中，collapse也可以表示股票「暴跌」、股市「崩盤」、經濟「崩潰」，我們造個句子：
Pinduoduo's share price collapsed after one of its employees died after collapsing on her way home from work.
第二句話：
The employee’s death, which occurred in the early hours of December 29, has revived concerns over the brutal work culture at some Chinese tech companies.
該員工于12月29日凌晨時分去世，這再次引發了人們對一些中國科技公司的野蠻工作文化的擔憂。
這句話講了拼多多員工猝死事件所引發的影響，先看主干部分：The employee’s death has revived concerns over / the brutal work culture / at some Chinese tech companies.
revive可從詞綴角度分析，“re-”表示again的意思「又、再」，“viv”表示「生命」，比如survive「存活」，根據這個規律，revive就是「再次存活」的意思，即「使復活、使蘇醒」，可以和人、行業、經濟、趨勢、感情等搭配，比如：
revive the economy 復興經濟；
The death of Pinduoduo's employee revived people's hatred for the "996" scheme. 拼多多員工去世再次激起了人們對“996”工作制的厭惡。
文中The employee’s death has revived concerns over...的意思是「拼多多員工去世再次激起了關于...的擔憂」，concern作名詞，后面加about/for/over，表示「對...的擔憂」。
the brutal work culture指「殘酷的工作文化」，也就是“996”工作制，《南華早報》的相關報道中用的是 notorious “996” overwork culture「臭名昭著的“996”加班文化」。
在The employee’s death后面，作者通過一個定語從句補充了去世的時間：which occurred in the early hours of December 29「死亡發生在12月29日的凌晨時間」。
the early/small hours指“凌晨時分”。
第三句話是對“the brutal work culture”的具體化，也暗示了員工的死因：
The long hours often expected of employees are known as “996” — meaning they start work at 9am, leave at 9pm and work six days a week.
公司希望員工多加班——這種漫長的加班被稱為“996”，也就是說他們從早上9點開始工作，直到晚上9點下班，每周工作6天。
我們先把這句話的主干拎出來：The long hours are known as “996”「這一漫長時間被稱為“996”」。
often expected of employees是后置定語，修飾The long hours，還原成定語從句的形式：The long hours that are often expected of employees.
expect sth of/from sb指「要求某人某事，指望某人做某事」，我們體會一下它的英文解釋：demand that someone does something，比如，父母對我們的期望都很高，可以說：Our parents expected high standards from us.，再比如，Don't expect too much from him.「不要對他期望過高」。
老外不一定了解什么叫“996”，于是作者在后面又通過一個狀語，解釋了什么是“996”：meaning they start work at 9am, leave at 9pm and work six days a week「也就是說他們從早上9點開始工作，直到晚上9點下班，每周工作6天」。
這句話可以「拿來主義」，放在「加班、工作與生活」話題的寫作中，向大家介紹流行的加班文化。
二、彭博社（Bloomberg）
Pinduoduo Worker’s Death Renews Scrutiny of 996 Work Culture
The recent death of a Pinduoduo Inc. employee renewed criticism of the long hours commonly practiced at China’s tech companies, which are already under scrutiny by regulators for anti-competitive business practices.
The e-commerce company confirmed that a female employee collapsed while walking home with colleagues at 1:30 a.m. on Tuesday. The employee, who was born in 1998 and joined Pinduoduo in July 2019, could not be resuscitated and died after nearly six hours of first aid, according to a statement. Her death sparked a social media backlash against Pinduoduo and the relentless working schedules expected of its employees, with a hashtag about the incident drawing more than 200 million views on the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service.
我們看一下標題：
Pinduoduo Worker’s Death Renews Scrutiny of 996 Work Culture
拼多多員工的死亡再次引發了人們對996工作文化的審視
renew和revive類似，指「再次re變新new」，即「重新開始、再次（做）」，比如會員到期后，軟件會提醒你 renew your subscription「續訂」。
scrutiny指careful and thorough examination「仔細的審視、徹底的檢查」，比如 Government should be open to public scrutiny.「政府應該接受公眾監督」。
題目中 renew scrutiny of 的意思是「再次引發對...的審視」，《南華早報》的相關報道中也出現了類似的表達：
renew controversy over...「再次引發關于...的爭議」，是不是跟前面講 revive 很相似？
第一句概述了事件：
The recent death of a Pinduoduo Inc. employee renewed criticism of the long hours commonly practiced at China’s tech companies, which are already under scrutiny by regulators for anti-competitive business practices.
拼多多公司的一名員工最近去世，這再次引發人們對中國科技公司中普遍存在的加班現象的批評。中國科技公司已經因反競爭商業行為而受到監管機構的審查。
主干點明了員工去世所引發的影響：
The recent death of a Pinduoduo Inc. employee renewed criticism of the long hours
Inc.是incorporated的縮寫，指「公司、股份有限公司」，比如 Apple Computer Incorporated「蘋果電腦公司」，Inc.也可以換成 Ltd.（limited）。
renew criticism of...「再次引發了對...的批評」，renew又一次出現，這里可以用前面學到的revive替換。
the long hours后面跟了一個分詞形式的后置定語：commonly practiced at China’s tech companies
可先還原成定語從句的形式：the long hours that are commonly practiced at China’s tech companies
practice在這里是「踐行、實踐」，從句的意思是：中國科技公司普遍踐行的長時間（加班）。
China’s tech companies后面又跟了一個定語從句，介紹了中國科技公司的處境：which are already under scrutiny by regulators for anti-competitive business practices
be under scrutiny by...指「被...審查，處于...審查中」，for anti-competitive business practices點明under scrutiny的原因：因為反競爭商業行為。
這里的practice是名詞，指“行為”。
第二段很簡單，描述了這名女員工去世過程及后續影響：
The e-commerce company confirmed that a female employee collapsed while walking home with colleagues at 1:30 a.m. on Tuesday. The employee, who was born in 1998 and joined Pinduoduo in July 2019, could not be resuscitated and died after nearly six hours of first aid, according to a statement.
female、at 1:30 a.m.、born in 1998補充了幾個細節：花季年齡，加班到深夜。
resuscitate同revive，指「使復蘇、復活」，比如，Doctors managed to resuscitate him.「醫生把他搶救了過來」，「人工呼吸」就可以說 mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
第三句講了員工去世所引發的影響：
Her death sparked a social media backlash against Pinduoduo and the relentless working schedules expected of its employees, with a hashtag about the incident drawing more than 200 million views on the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service.
其主干為：Her death sparked a social media backlash against Pinduoduo and the relentless working schedules「她的去世在社交媒體上引發了人們對拼多多及無情工作安排的強烈批評」。
spark此處指「激起、引起」，后面加某種問題或情緒，也可以同trigger, set off等替換。（老生常談，可用「號內搜」搜一下）
backlash就是strong criticism的意思，文中sparked a social media backlash against...的意思是「引發社交媒體上對...的批評」。
relentless同strict, cruel「殘酷的」，the relentless working schedules和上面的the brutal work culture都是一回事，指殘酷的加班制度。
the relentless working schedules后面還跟了一個分詞形式的后置定語，進行修飾：expected of its employees
be expected of...我們前面講過了，指demand that sb will do sth，所以這里可以理解成：要求員工過度加班。
文中sparked a social media backlash是一個比較抽象的說法，于是后面作者加了個狀語with a hashtag about the incident drawing more than 200 million views on the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service，把backlash具體化。
hashtag意為「標簽、話題」，就是社交媒體上兩個#之間的內容，新浪微博上的「熱門話題、熱搜榜」就可以說 trending hashtag：（點此復習：蘇大強作妖記）
drawing more than 200 million views指「吸引了2億多閱讀量」，view在這里是名詞，指「閱讀量、點擊量」，比如我們公眾號平均每篇文章有40 thousand views「4萬閱讀量」。
the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service指「像推特一樣的新浪微博平臺」，“-like”是一個常見的構詞法，指「像...一樣的」，《新概念三》第一課就出現過這個說法：Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service也可以說：Sina Weibo service, the Chinese equivalent to Twitter.
equivalent此處是名詞，指something that has the same value, purpose, job etc as something else「對等物、等同物」，后面加介詞to，the Chinese equivalent to Twitter就可以理解成「等同于推特的中國平臺」。英國 Daily Mail（《每日郵報》）在報道這一事件中也出現了equivalent：
The news came to light on Monday after several posts emerged on Zhihu, the Chinese equivalent to Quora, alleging the passing of a Pin Duo Duo worker due to working overtime.
周一，知乎(中國版Quora)上出現了幾條帖子，稱一名拼多多員工因加班而去世，這一消息才曝光。
come to light是個很形象的表達，指become known「為人所知、曝光」。
三、「加班」話題的寫作表達
（一）加班文化：
notorious “996” overwork culture（《金融時報》）
the brutal work culture（《金融時報》）
overwork culture（《南華早報》）
brutal "996" work schedule（《南華早報》）
（二）介紹“996”：
The long hours often expected of employees are known as “996” — meaning they start work at 9am, leave at 9pm and work six days a week.（《金融時報》）
996 – referencing the notorious work schedule of 9am to 9pm, six days a week（《南華早報》）
「加班」怎么說：（《每日郵報》）
overworked employees（overworked, adj.加班的）
employees have been overworked（overwork, v.使加班）
「猝死」怎么說：（《每日郵報》）
pass suddenly（v.）
sudden death（n.）
事件引發熱議、討論、反響：
XX renewed controversy over...
XX has revived concerns over...
XX renewed criticism of...
...(主干，描述事件), sparking controversy over... and renewing discussions on social media about...（根據《南華早報》改變）
XX sparked a social media backlash against..., with a hashtag about the incident drawing more than YY million views on the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service.
今天的文章包括：
《金融時報》是怎么報道的？
《南華早報》是怎么報道的？
從「寫作」角度，我們可以積累到哪些表達？
一、《金融時報》（Financial Times）
Pinduoduo faces growing PR crisis over employee death
China’s fastest-growing e-commerce group Pinduoduo is facing a growing public relations crisis and an investigation into its working conditions after one of its employees died after collapsing on her way home from work.
The employee’s death, which occurred in the early hours of December 29, has revived concerns over the brutal work culture at some Chinese tech companies. The long hours often expected of employees are known as “996” — meaning they start work at 9am, leave at 9pm and work six days a week.
這兩段話句子結構復雜，信息密集。
我們先來看題目：
Pinduoduo faces growing PR crisis over employee death
題目是從公司角度切入的：拼多多因員工去世而面臨愈加嚴重的公關危機。
growing表示increasing in size, amount or degree「規模、數量或程度增加的」，此處可理解成「愈加嚴重的」。
PR是public relations的縮寫，即「公關」，每家公司都有公關部門，主要處理公司與外界的關系，幫公司建立良好形象（build up a good image 建立好形象，polish up the image 改善形象）。
再來看第一段話：
China’s fastest-growing e-commerce group Pinduoduo is facing a growing public relations crisis and an investigation into its working conditions after one of its employees died after collapsing on her way home from work.
拼多多（中國增長最快的電商集團）在其員工于回家途中暈倒去世之后，面臨一場愈加嚴重的公關危機，其工作條件也受到調查。
這段只有一句話，主干部分點明拼多多面臨的雙重不利處境：Pinduoduo is facing a growing public relations crisis and an investigation (into its working conditions)，既面臨公關危機，又面臨調查。
說到拼多多，自然要介紹一下它的地位，于是作者在Pinduoduo前加了一個同位語：China’s fastest-growing e-commerce group「中國發展最快的電商集團」。
investigation后面加介詞into，表示「針對...的調查」，文中an investigation into its working conditions就是「對其工作條件的調查」，working conditions指「工作環境、工作條件」，舉個例子，Governments should urge companies to improve their working conditions.「政府應該督促公司改善工作環境。」
拼多多為什么會面臨公關危機和調查？最后作者通過after補充了其前因后果：after one of its employees died after collapsing on her way home from work「在一名員工在下班回家途中暈倒去世之后」。
collapse在這里指人因疲憊或生病而「暈倒、癱倒」，比如，After ten consecutive hours of work, I got home and collapsed on the sofa.「連續工作10小時后，我回到家癱倒在沙發上?！?br /> 在金融市場中，collapse也可以表示股票「暴跌」、股市「崩盤」、經濟「崩潰」，我們造個句子：
Pinduoduo's share price collapsed after one of its employees died after collapsing on her way home from work.
第二句話：
The employee’s death, which occurred in the early hours of December 29, has revived concerns over the brutal work culture at some Chinese tech companies.
該員工于12月29日凌晨時分去世，這再次引發了人們對一些中國科技公司的野蠻工作文化的擔憂。
這句話講了拼多多員工猝死事件所引發的影響，先看主干部分：The employee’s death has revived concerns over / the brutal work culture / at some Chinese tech companies.
revive可從詞綴角度分析，“re-”表示again的意思「又、再」，“viv”表示「生命」，比如survive「存活」，根據這個規律，revive就是「再次存活」的意思，即「使復活、使蘇醒」，可以和人、行業、經濟、趨勢、感情等搭配，比如：
revive the economy 復興經濟；
The death of Pinduoduo's employee revived people's hatred for the "996" scheme. 拼多多員工去世再次激起了人們對“996”工作制的厭惡。
文中The employee’s death has revived concerns over...的意思是「拼多多員工去世再次激起了關于...的擔憂」，concern作名詞，后面加about/for/over，表示「對...的擔憂」。
the brutal work culture指「殘酷的工作文化」，也就是“996”工作制，《南華早報》的相關報道中用的是 notorious “996” overwork culture「臭名昭著的“996”加班文化」。
在The employee’s death后面，作者通過一個定語從句補充了去世的時間：which occurred in the early hours of December 29「死亡發生在12月29日的凌晨時間」。
the early/small hours指“凌晨時分”。
第三句話是對“the brutal work culture”的具體化，也暗示了員工的死因：
The long hours often expected of employees are known as “996” — meaning they start work at 9am, leave at 9pm and work six days a week.
公司希望員工多加班——這種漫長的加班被稱為“996”，也就是說他們從早上9點開始工作，直到晚上9點下班，每周工作6天。
我們先把這句話的主干拎出來：The long hours are known as “996”「這一漫長時間被稱為“996”」。
often expected of employees是后置定語，修飾The long hours，還原成定語從句的形式：The long hours that are often expected of employees.
expect sth of/from sb指「要求某人某事，指望某人做某事」，我們體會一下它的英文解釋：demand that someone does something，比如，父母對我們的期望都很高，可以說：Our parents expected high standards from us.，再比如，Don't expect too much from him.「不要對他期望過高」。
老外不一定了解什么叫“996”，于是作者在后面又通過一個狀語，解釋了什么是“996”：meaning they start work at 9am, leave at 9pm and work six days a week「也就是說他們從早上9點開始工作，直到晚上9點下班，每周工作6天」。
這句話可以「拿來主義」，放在「加班、工作與生活」話題的寫作中，向大家介紹流行的加班文化。
二、彭博社（Bloomberg）
Pinduoduo Worker’s Death Renews Scrutiny of 996 Work Culture
The recent death of a Pinduoduo Inc. employee renewed criticism of the long hours commonly practiced at China’s tech companies, which are already under scrutiny by regulators for anti-competitive business practices.
The e-commerce company confirmed that a female employee collapsed while walking home with colleagues at 1:30 a.m. on Tuesday. The employee, who was born in 1998 and joined Pinduoduo in July 2019, could not be resuscitated and died after nearly six hours of first aid, according to a statement. Her death sparked a social media backlash against Pinduoduo and the relentless working schedules expected of its employees, with a hashtag about the incident drawing more than 200 million views on the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service.
我們看一下標題：
Pinduoduo Worker’s Death Renews Scrutiny of 996 Work Culture
拼多多員工的死亡再次引發了人們對996工作文化的審視
renew和revive類似，指「再次re變新new」，即「重新開始、再次（做）」，比如會員到期后，軟件會提醒你 renew your subscription「續訂」。
scrutiny指careful and thorough examination「仔細的審視、徹底的檢查」，比如 Government should be open to public scrutiny.「政府應該接受公眾監督」。
題目中 renew scrutiny of 的意思是「再次引發對...的審視」，《南華早報》的相關報道中也出現了類似的表達：
renew controversy over...「再次引發關于...的爭議」，是不是跟前面講 revive 很相似？
第一句概述了事件：
The recent death of a Pinduoduo Inc. employee renewed criticism of the long hours commonly practiced at China’s tech companies, which are already under scrutiny by regulators for anti-competitive business practices.
拼多多公司的一名員工最近去世，這再次引發人們對中國科技公司中普遍存在的加班現象的批評。中國科技公司已經因反競爭商業行為而受到監管機構的審查。
主干點明了員工去世所引發的影響：
The recent death of a Pinduoduo Inc. employee renewed criticism of the long hours
Inc.是incorporated的縮寫，指「公司、股份有限公司」，比如 Apple Computer Incorporated「蘋果電腦公司」，Inc.也可以換成 Ltd.（limited）。
renew criticism of...「再次引發了對...的批評」，renew又一次出現，這里可以用前面學到的revive替換。
the long hours后面跟了一個分詞形式的后置定語：commonly practiced at China’s tech companies
可先還原成定語從句的形式：the long hours that are commonly practiced at China’s tech companies
practice在這里是「踐行、實踐」，從句的意思是：中國科技公司普遍踐行的長時間（加班）。
China’s tech companies后面又跟了一個定語從句，介紹了中國科技公司的處境：which are already under scrutiny by regulators for anti-competitive business practices
be under scrutiny by...指「被...審查，處于...審查中」，for anti-competitive business practices點明under scrutiny的原因：因為反競爭商業行為。
這里的practice是名詞，指“行為”。
第二段很簡單，描述了這名女員工去世過程及后續影響：
The e-commerce company confirmed that a female employee collapsed while walking home with colleagues at 1:30 a.m. on Tuesday. The employee, who was born in 1998 and joined Pinduoduo in July 2019, could not be resuscitated and died after nearly six hours of first aid, according to a statement.
female、at 1:30 a.m.、born in 1998補充了幾個細節：花季年齡，加班到深夜。
resuscitate同revive，指「使復蘇、復活」，比如，Doctors managed to resuscitate him.「醫生把他搶救了過來」，「人工呼吸」就可以說 mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
第三句講了員工去世所引發的影響：
Her death sparked a social media backlash against Pinduoduo and the relentless working schedules expected of its employees, with a hashtag about the incident drawing more than 200 million views on the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service.
其主干為：Her death sparked a social media backlash against Pinduoduo and the relentless working schedules「她的去世在社交媒體上引發了人們對拼多多及無情工作安排的強烈批評」。
spark此處指「激起、引起」，后面加某種問題或情緒，也可以同trigger, set off等替換。（老生常談，可用「號內搜」搜一下）
backlash就是strong criticism的意思，文中sparked a social media backlash against...的意思是「引發社交媒體上對...的批評」。
relentless同strict, cruel「殘酷的」，the relentless working schedules和上面的the brutal work culture都是一回事，指殘酷的加班制度。
the relentless working schedules后面還跟了一個分詞形式的后置定語，進行修飾：expected of its employees
be expected of...我們前面講過了，指demand that sb will do sth，所以這里可以理解成：要求員工過度加班。
文中sparked a social media backlash是一個比較抽象的說法，于是后面作者加了個狀語with a hashtag about the incident drawing more than 200 million views on the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service，把backlash具體化。
hashtag意為「標簽、話題」，就是社交媒體上兩個#之間的內容，新浪微博上的「熱門話題、熱搜榜」就可以說 trending hashtag：（點此復習：蘇大強作妖記）
drawing more than 200 million views指「吸引了2億多閱讀量」，view在這里是名詞，指「閱讀量、點擊量」，比如我們公眾號平均每篇文章有40 thousand views「4萬閱讀量」。
the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service指「像推特一樣的新浪微博平臺」，“-like”是一個常見的構詞法，指「像...一樣的」，《新概念三》第一課就出現過這個說法：Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service也可以說：Sina Weibo service, the Chinese equivalent to Twitter.
equivalent此處是名詞，指something that has the same value, purpose, job etc as something else「對等物、等同物」，后面加介詞to，the Chinese equivalent to Twitter就可以理解成「等同于推特的中國平臺」。英國 Daily Mail（《每日郵報》）在報道這一事件中也出現了equivalent：
The news came to light on Monday after several posts emerged on Zhihu, the Chinese equivalent to Quora, alleging the passing of a Pin Duo Duo worker due to working overtime.
周一，知乎(中國版Quora)上出現了幾條帖子，稱一名拼多多員工因加班而去世，這一消息才曝光。
come to light是個很形象的表達，指become known「為人所知、曝光」。
三、「加班」話題的寫作表達
（一）加班文化：
notorious “996” overwork culture（《金融時報》）
the brutal work culture（《金融時報》）
overwork culture（《南華早報》）
brutal "996" work schedule（《南華早報》）
（二）介紹“996”：
The long hours often expected of employees are known as “996” — meaning they start work at 9am, leave at 9pm and work six days a week.（《金融時報》）
996 – referencing the notorious work schedule of 9am to 9pm, six days a week（《南華早報》）
「加班」怎么說：（《每日郵報》）
overworked employees（overworked, adj.加班的）
employees have been overworked（overwork, v.使加班）
「猝死」怎么說：（《每日郵報》）
pass suddenly（v.）
sudden death（n.）
事件引發熱議、討論、反響：
XX renewed controversy over...
XX has revived concerns over...
XX renewed criticism of...
...(主干，描述事件), sparking controversy over... and renewing discussions on social media about...（根據《南華早報》改變）
XX sparked a social media backlash against..., with a hashtag about the incident drawing more than YY million views on the Twitter-like Sina Weibo service.
